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Maximum Depth of Binary Tree

Question: (97) Maximum Depth of Binary Tree

Given a binary tree, find its maximum depth.

The maximum depth is the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node.

Example
Given a binary tree as follow:

        1

     /     \

   2       3

          /    \

        4      5

The maximum depth is 3

题解 - 递归

树遍历的题最方便的写法自然是递归,不过递归调用的层数过多可能会导致栈空间溢出,因此需要适当考虑递归调用的层数。我们首先来看看使用递归如何解这道题,要求二叉树的最大深度,直观上来讲使用深度优先搜索判断左右子树的深度孰大孰小即可,从根节点往下一层树的深度即自增1,遇到NULL时即返回0。

由于对每个节点都会使用一次maxDepth,故时间复杂度为 O(n), 树的深度最大为 n, 最小为 log2n, 故空间复杂度介于 O(logn)O(n) 之间。

C++ Recursion

/**
 * Definition of TreeNode:
 * class TreeNode {
 * public:
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left, *right;
 *     TreeNode(int val) {
 *         this->val = val;
 *         this->left = this->right = NULL;
 *     }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
public:
    /**
     * @param root: The root of binary tree.
     * @return: An integer
     */
    int maxDepth(TreeNode *root) {
        if (NULL == root) {
            return 0;
        }

        int left_depth = maxDepth(root->left);
        int right_depth = maxDepth(root->right);

        return max(left_depth, right_depth) + 1;
    }
};

题解 - 迭代(显式栈)

使用递归可能会导致栈空间溢出,这里使用显式栈空间(使用堆内存)来代替之前的隐式栈空间。从上节递归版的代码(先处理左子树,后处理右子树,最后返回其中的较大值)来看,是可以使用类似后序遍历的迭代思想去实现的。

首先使用后序遍历的模板,在每次迭代循环结束处比较栈当前的大小和当前最大值max_depth进行比较。

C++ Iterative with stack

/**
 * Definition of TreeNode:
 * class TreeNode {
 * public:
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left, *right;
 *     TreeNode(int val) {
 *         this->val = val;
 *         this->left = this->right = NULL;
 *     }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
public:
    /**
     * @param root: The root of binary tree.
     * @return: An integer
     */
    int maxDepth(TreeNode *root) {
        if (NULL == root) {
            return 0;
        }

        TreeNode *curr = NULL, *prev = NULL;
        stack<TreeNode *> s;
        s.push(root);

        int max_depth = 0;

        while(!s.empty()) {
            curr = s.top();
            if (!prev || prev->left == curr || prev->right == curr) {
                if (curr->left) {
                    s.push(curr->left);
                } else if (curr->right){
                    s.push(curr->right);
                }
            } else if (curr->left == prev) {
                if (curr->right) {
                    s.push(curr->right);
                }
            } else {
                s.pop();
            }

            prev = curr;

            if (s.size() > max_depth) {
                max_depth = s.size();
            }
        }

        return max_depth;
    }
};

题解 - 迭代(队列)

在使用了递归/后序遍历求解树最大深度之后,我们还可以直接从问题出发进行分析,树的最大深度即为广度优先搜索中的层数,故可以直接使用广度优先搜索求出最大深度,在原结果返回处使用++max_depth替代即可。

C++ Iterative with queue

/**
 * Definition of TreeNode:
 * class TreeNode {
 * public:
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left, *right;
 *     TreeNode(int val) {
 *         this->val = val;
 *         this->left = this->right = NULL;
 *     }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
public:
    /**
     * @param root: The root of binary tree.
     * @return: An integer
     */
    int maxDepth(TreeNode *root) {
        if (NULL == root) {
            return 0;
        }

        queue<TreeNode *> q;
        q.push(root);

        int max_depth = 0;
        while(!q.empty()) {
            int size = q.size();
            for (int i = 0; i != size; ++i) {
                TreeNode *node = q.front();
                q.pop();

                if (node->left) {
                    q.push(node->left);
                }
                if (node->right) {
                    q.push(node->right);
                }
            }

            ++max_depth;
        }

        return max_depth;
    }
};